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Diet-Related Conditions

Cows Milk Difficulties

Cow’s Milk Allergy a
Spectrum Condition

Cow’s Milk Allergy is a spectrum condition, affecting 1 in 20 infants in their first year of life. It presents with a wide range of symptoms, sometimes difficult to distinguish from other common issues in infancy such as colic, regurgitation or loose stools. Both immediate and delayed reactions to cow’s milk are more common in atopic families; those with asthma, eczema or hayfever, eczema being particularly associated with CMA in infancy. Delayed reactions typically show up in the gastrointestinal tract and skin.

Cow’s Milk Difficulties presenting with lower abdominal symptoms eg. loose, smelly, bloody or mucus pooh, constipation or painful wind and upper abdominal symptoms such as vomiting, reflux, pain after feeding and feeding aversion will impact an infants’ enjoyment and willingness to feed well. For delayed reactions to cow’s milk, at least two persistent symptoms are needed to consider a diagnosis alongside an allergy focussed history.

The difference between Lactose
Intolerance and Cow’s Milk Allergy

Lactose intolerance is caused by too much undigested lactose in the large bowel, resulting from a relative or absolute lack of the digestive enzyme lactase in the small bowel. Symptoms arise with loose, explosive stools, sore bottom, bloating and discomfort; very similar presentations to cow’s milk allergy, but a physiological response rather than an immune response; an easy to spot with a trained eye!

Lactose is found in all mammalian milks, as well as standard formula. Breast fed babies who snack at the breast and get lots of high-volume, lactose-rich fore milk, can readily get symptoms of lactose intolerance, simply due to a relative lack of the enzyme.  Feeding observation and advice on how to avoid this, whilst supporting babies to feed well at the breast will be helpful.

Cow’s Milk Allergy and lactose intolerance can co-exist, particularly when there is severe and/or persistent diarrhoea and gut inflammation. Again, a trained eye and allergy focused history can determine the difference between lactose intolerance and Cows Milk Allergy, and this will greatly affect the dietary management advice given.

Symptoms of CMA can be resolved by the complete exclusion of cow’s milk and its products, for at least 6 months for delayed reactions and up to 2 years for immediate reactions. A maternal exclusion for breast-feeding babies is an effective dietary treatment, and I will nutritionally treat infant/parent pairs in this scenario. Care should always be taken to ensure mums are receiving high quality nutrition, including sufficient calcium, Vitamin D, iodine and essential fats to meet their own needs.

The importance of lactose
intolerance presentation

Dietary management advice will vary depending on the presentation of lactose intolerance. Lactase enzyme activity reduces with age, and affects people with different ethnic backgrounds. Peoples of Asian, African and Indian origin, and children as young as 3-4 years can lose lactase enzyme activity permanently, but this is not normally seen in the UK. Teens as they go through puberty, can also loose their lactase enzyme activity, which can be responsible for tummy symptoms and loose stools during adolescence.

Temporary (or secondary) lactose intolerance is not uncommon, and is often related to changes in the small bowel lining due to inflammation eg. during and after infection or intestinal surgery. A lactose free diet for 2-6 weeks allows the intestinal lining time to repair, in readiness for a gradual reintroduction of dietary lactose, which itself with stimulate production of the lactase enzyme. Further guidance may be helpful, if symptoms continue and tolerance does not resume.

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